H. Bradley’s Concept of Immediate Experience
The aim of this study is to examine the concept of "immediate experience" in the philosophy of F. H. Bradley, one of the prominent figures of British Idealism, and to re-evaluate the philosophical problems it generates within the context of contemporary philosophy of mind. According to Bradley, immediate experience is a primary, non-relational unity that precedes thought, judgment, and the subject-object dichotomy. However, attempts to bring this experience into conceptual and philosophical discourse objectify it, thereby altering its pristine immediacy and generating a "paradox of reflection." This paper argues that, contrary to Bradley’s historical marginalization by the analytic tradition, his methodological dilemma shares a common ground and a meaningful structural tension with contemporary debates on phenomenal consciousness (Ned Block), qualia, Thomas Nagel’s "what is it like to be" question, and non-conceptual content theories (Gareth Evans, Christopher Peacocke). While the study addresses the difficulties inherent in Bradley’s idealist metaphysical commitments and the problem of "ineffability," it ultimately concludes that his approach to immediate experience remains a provocative conceptual resource for current consciousness studies due to its power to problematisze deeply-entrenched epistemic and cognitive assumptions.
F. H. Bradley, immediate experience, paradox of reflection, phenomenal consciousness, non-conceptual content, qualia
Copyright (c) 2026 Betül Yıldız (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Construction of Conceptual Boundaries
This study examines the ontological and epistemological scope of the definition theory, which determines the cognitive framework for objects in classical logic, and investigates the transformation of this cognitive construction that leads to scientific taxonomy. The study emphasizes that definition is not so much an existential proof of an object as a logical tool that reveals its nature. The epistemological limits of definition are discussed through the observation that individual singularities, the highest genera, and direct sensory experiences cannot be confined to conceptual parameters. The study explores how the conceptual framework, freed from the ambiguity of everyday language, evolved into an objective scientific classification through experience, observation, and causal connections. Finally, within the context of Aristotle and the Islamic logician tradition, the conceptual unity between the questions "what is?" and "why?" is analyzed, supporting the idea that explaining the reason for a phenomenon's existence leads to constructing its perfect definition.
Classical logic, definition theory, epistemology, philosophy of science, taxonomy
Copyright (c) 2026 Hüseyin Kermen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
George Santayana’s Idealistic Naturalism and Its Criticisms
This article examines George Santayana’s philosophical naturalism and the criticisms directed against it by John Dewey and Roy Wood Sellars. It argues that Santayana cannot be reduced either to a strict materialist or to an idealist thinker, because his system is built on the coexistence of matter, essence, truth, and spirit within a single natural order. The study first explains Santayana’s concept of animal faith as the primordial, non-rational basis of all knowledge and action. On this account, belief is not grounded in proof but in the biological conditions of life, practical need, and instinctive adaptation to the world. The article then shows how Santayana’s four realms structure his ontology: matter as the ground of existence, essence as the field of intelligible forms, truth as the factual description of what has occurred, and spirit as the light of consciousness emerging from organic life. Within this framework, spirit remains dependent on matter while still making possible meaning, value, and reflective awareness. The second part of the article focuses on the major objections raised by Dewey and Sellars. Dewey accuses Santayana of introducing a dualism between material nature and timeless essences, thereby weakening naturalism. Sellars, by contrast, criticizes Santayana’s epiphenomenalism and the claim that consciousness is merely passive. The article argues, however, that these criticisms overlook the consistency of Santayana’s own naturalism, which refuses both crude reductionism and supernatural explanation. Santayana’s use of idealist vocabulary does not abandon nature; rather, it seeks to account for the emergence of meaning, consciousness, and value within nature itself. In this sense, Santayana’s philosophy offers a distinctive alternative to both materialist reduction and transcendental idealism. Ultimately, the article suggests that Santayana’s naturalism is best understood as a middle path: fully rooted in matter, yet broad enough to preserve human meaning, aesthetic experience, and crucial philosophical reflection.
George Santayana, naturalism, animal faith, essence, epiphenomenalism
Copyright (c) 2026 Kerem Akıllı (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Rethinking the Divide between Avicenna and al-Ghazālī
This article reconsiders the familiar opposition between Avicenna and al-Ghazālī on the afterlife by distinguishing the question of possibility from the question of nature. It argues that the fundamental divide in Islamic eschatological thought is not initially between Avicenna’s bodiless immortality and al-Ghazālī’s bodily resurrection, but between theistic materialist and dualist accounts of the self. Materialist models that appeal to reassembly or re-creation fail to secure numerical identity after bodily death. By contrast, dualism grounds post-mortem survival in the persistence of the immaterial soul, a framework shared by Avicenna and, with qualifications, al-Ghazālī. Their real disagreement concerns the mode of post-mortem existence: whether the surviving soul remains bodiless or is rejoined to a body. The article argues that neither side decisively refutes the other. Consequently, Avicenna and al-Ghazālī should be seen as dualist allies on possibility and intra-dualist rivals on nature. This redrawing clarifies the philosophical structure and significance of Islamic eschatological debates.
Avicenna, al-Ghazālī, Islamic eschatology, theistic materialism, soul-body dualism
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmet Erkan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
<div class="main_entry" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; width: 560px; border-right: 1px solid #dddddd; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> This section includes Generic Pages and Table of Content. <div class="entry_details" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 0px -1px; border-top: none; float: left; width: 300px; border-left: 1px solid #dddddd; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Lora, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">
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An Evaluation of the Influence of Plato's Understanding of Mathematics on Modern Science
What science is constitutes one of the foremost topics of debate in the modern world. To draw attention to this debate, Heidegger stated that it is necessary to define what science is. According to him, science is a tool that presents everything related to what exists. This tool has acquired a new meaning in line with the modern understanding of science. This is because modern science is grounded in Ancient Greek philosophy. For this reason, from Heidegger's perspective, science can be seen as the theory of the real. The real, however, should not be evaluated as a result, but rather as a process. Therefore, the real is something that is constantly at work. This process can be explained by Aristotle's concept of ‘energia’. Furthermore, theory means the fixation and objectification of the real. Therefore, what modern science does is to fix science by dividing it into parts. It is also an attack on the real. For this reason, the real is a process of work. The fact that the real is a process of work shows that it is a concept related to technique. The real emerges in a way that is dependent on working and doing. The fact that it is a working process also shows that it is not the result that emerges. Therefore, in this study, the nature of science will be discussed, and Plato's influence on modern science will be examined within the context of Heidegger.
Plato, Heidegger, real, theoretical, modern science, mathematics
Copyright (c) 2026 Aydın Çiçek (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The End or the Reconstitution of the Public Sphere?
This article offers a comparative examination of Jean Baudrillard’s and Jürgen Habermas’s conceptions of communication, meaning, and the public sphere. Baudrillard argues that in the modern era communication and information lead not to an expansion of meaning but to its collapse, resulting in the disintegration of the public sphere within the domain of hyperreality. Mass media, accordingly, does not aim at genuine communication; rather, it seeks to simulate meaning and render it consumable. This process causes the social to implode into what Baudrillard calls the silent masses. The silent masses cease to function as subjects within rational public debate and instead become statistical objects. The social, in this sense, can no longer express itself openly except through opinion polls and surveys. By contrast, Habermas maintains that the public sphere can be reconstituted insofar as it is grounded in communicative rationality as the normative foundation of democracy. For Habermas, the essence of communication lies in the pursuit of mutual understanding and the critical evaluation of validity claims. When communicative action is structured around claims to truth, sincerity, and legitimacy, the possibility of social consensus emerges. This study therefore discusses Baudrillard’s diagnosis of the end of the public sphere alongside Habermas’s normative project of reconstructing the public sphere on a communicative basis. It emphasizes how each approach should be understood in the context of contemporary society and highlights the limitations inherent in both perspectives. Finally, the article argues that in the age of hyperreality the public sphere can be understood neither as entirely vanished nor as something that can be naively reconstructed through pure optimism. By bringing together Baudrillard’s critical warnings and Habermas’s normative framework, the study defends the importance of critical awareness and participatory effort for the reconstitution of communication and meaning in contemporary society.
Public sphere, communication, meaning, society, simulation
Copyright (c) 2026 Nihat Durmaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Treatise on the Subject of Aristotle’s De Anima
Although Gregorios, the author of the work in your hands, was a bishop, the work has the feel of having been written by a philosopher. Considering that the treatise focuses on Aristotle’s De Anima or On the Soul, we can more readily acknowledge this. The Roman Catholic Church has based its entire system not only on Aristotle’s metaphysics but also on his physics and has sought to legitimize itself through Aristotle. The effort to imbue Gregory’s treatise on the soul with an Aristotelian identity can be seen as an indication of this. For early Christians believed that the soul possessed an entirely spiritual nature and was therefore immortal. Although Gregory, in this treatise, expressed views consistent with Aristotle regarding the soul’s nature as a simple substance and its capacity to contain both good and evil, he advanced Platonic views on the soul’s immortality and the spiritual nature of its structure.
Soul, spiritual, material, substance, immortality, mental knowledge, generation and corruption
Copyright (c) 2026 Gregory Thaumaturgus (Author); İlyas Altuner (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geoffrey Gorham, Philosophy of Science: A Beginner's Guide (Bloomsbury: Oneworld Publications, 2009), 224 pp.
Copyright (c) 2025 Şeyma Keskin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pragmatic Verificationism in Hillary Putnam
This article attempts to explore Hilary Putnam's understanding of pragmatic verificationism, which plays a significant role in his philosophy, within the context of his critiques of metaphysical realism. Although Putnam, who presents a new perspective on the concept of truth, does not explicitly state that he has constructed it within the framework of pragmatic principles, we argue in this study. Upon examining his thoughts, it can be seen that his later ideas, in particular, are consistent with a pragmatic philosophical understanding. Putnam's critique of metaphysical realism, along with logical positivism's critiques of verificationism and Popper's critiques of induction, shape his approach to truth and verificationism. Based on this, after presenting these critiques, we attempt to present the Putnamian version of pragmatic verificationism. In short, our study argues that Putnam is a pragmatic verificationist when it is recognized that he has introduced a new dimension to the concept of truth within the framework of his critiques of metaphysical realism.
Verificationism, pragmatism, metapysical realism, philosophy of science, Hillary Putnam
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramazan Bayraktar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of al-Ghazali on the Use of Logic
Al-Ghazali (d. 1111) represents one of the most important turning points in the history of logic in the Islamic world. He emphasized logic in particular in his efforts to remedy the shortcomings he observed in the traditions of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence and Kalam (Islamic Theology) and to make these sciences more systematic. Al-Ghazali's terminology, views, and conceptualizations were influential in the beginning of the use of logic as a methodology of thought in Islamic sciences. Al-Ghazali's work in the field of logic, primarily directed toward practical goals in the religious sciences, presented a comprehensive example of applied logic that had not been seen before. He offered a wide range of suitable examples that could appeal to the minds of those engaged in religious sciences. His emphasis on the importance and value of logic helped spread it throughout the Islamic world and incorporate it into the madrasa curriculum. He ended the debates on logic in Islamic philosophy, thereby establishing a legitimate foundation for logic in the Islamic world. Thus, logic became an important part not only of philosophy but also of all religious sciences, especially theology. Many Islamic thinkers, especially theologians, benefited from logic to acquire knowledge.
Al-Ghazali, Islamic sciences, Islamic theology, logic, methodology
Copyright (c) 2025 Halil İmamoğlugil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Theistic Arguments and an Evidentialist Approach in Richard Swinburne
This study examines how Richard Swinburne epistemically justifies belief in God through probabilistic reasoning. Rejecting the claim that classical theistic arguments can yield metaphysical certainty, Swinburne bases belief not on deductive proof but on high probability, using Bayesian probability theory to defend the rationality of theism. The study first outlines the conceptual and historical background of evidentialism and then situates Swinburne’s position within this context. While he treats the ontological argument with caution and excludes it from his cumulative case, his analysis centers on the cosmological, teleological, moral, and religious experience arguments, which together form a cumulative inductive case. Examined alongside Reformed epistemology and contemporary critiques, Swinburne’s approach presents theistic belief as a rationally defensible commitment grounded in probabilistic reasoning and epistemic responsibility.
Philosophy of religion, evidentialism, probabilistic epistemology, cumulative case argument, Richard Swinburne
Copyright (c) 2025 Esma Aygün Yakın (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Feuerbach on Freud’s Philosophy of Religion
This article analyzes the influence of Ludwig Feuerbach on Sigmund Freud’s understanding of religion within a psycho-anthropological framework. By interpreting theology as the “externalization of human essence,” Feuerbach conceives God as the exalted symbol of human qualities such as love, justice, and wisdom; thus, religion emerges not as a supernatural but as a human phenomenon. Freud translates this framework into psychoanalysis: God becomes the unconscious projection of the father image and repressed desires from childhood; religion is “an illusion grounded in wish-fulfillment” and a cultural defense mechanism. From the totemic triad of guilt-prohibition-sacredness to the fear of death and longing for justice, many of Freud’s central themes appear as clinical counterparts to Feuerbach’s anthropological intuitions. Both thinkers acknowledge the historical and functional significance of religion, yet they diverge in locating its source: Feuerbach emphasizes conscious projection, while Freud focuses on unconscious dynamics. Freud’s theory of religion transfers Feuerbach’s anthropological core onto a psychodynamic plane, reducing modern humanity’s relationship with God from metaphysics to psychology.
Philosophy of Religion, Feuerbach, Freud, religion, anthropology
Copyright (c) 2025 Kibar Gürbüz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
This article examines Adorno’s aesthetic theory within the framework of his critique of instrumental reason, discussing the critical function of art in modern society. According to Adorno, Enlightenment thought failed to realize its ideal of emancipation and instead transformed reason into an instrument of domination. In this process, knowledge became a tool of control rather than freedom, and the relation between subject and object was reduced to the principle of identity. Against this reduction, Adorno emphasizes the resistant power of art. Art transcends the empirical world, making the non-identical visible and giving voice to suppressed differences. Within this context, the concept of mimesis is reinterpreted beyond its classical meaning of imitation as a mode of non-conceptual relation with the world. Art thus transcends the utilitarian framework of instrumental reason and establishes a negative dialectic that suggests truth without directly representing it. Aesthetic experience, in this sense, is not merely sensory pleasure but an intellectual shock and a practice of liberation. The article concludes that Adorno’s conception of art constitutes a form of critical consciousness against the rationality crisis of modernity.
Adorno, instrumental reason, mimesis, aesthetic experience, negative dialectics, autonomy of art
Copyright (c) 2025 Merve Nur Sezer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Digital Transformation of the Family in the Shadow of Artificial Intelligence
Throughout history, science and technology have sometimes generated new thought structures and life forms based on their own epistemological and ontological foundations, while at other times, even ideologies in theoretical contexts have acted as determining forces directing scientific production and technological developments. With the Industrial Revolution, mechanization brought about industrial living spaces and urbanization, while also affecting values, social structures, and family formations. Today, with the information revolution, cybernetics and information technologies are forming a new social model and family structure through the paradigm of data/information. The issue of objectification, which replaces the ethical subjectivity of the modern human constructed by the information world, constitutes a significant problem area in philosophical anthropology. In this study, the philosophical and ethical issues and problems that form the basis of the information revolution's individual, family and social transformation, and the reflections of artificial intelligence technologies that form the basis of change and transformation on the family are discussed in interdisciplinary contexts.
The philosophy of information, artificial intelligence, family, digitalization, ethics
Copyright (c) 2025 Nesibe Kantar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
This section includes Generic Pages and Table of Content
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Russel and Frege on the Question of Definition in Logic
In the 20th century, beginning with Frege, logical thinking brought fundamental criticism to Aristotle's logical tradition, which had been practiced for centuries. In this context, Russell emerged as an important thinker alongside Frege in establishing new logical thinking. This study examines Frege and Russell's views on definition in logical thinking. In this vein, the study also discusses the limits and functions that modernity has brought to logical thinking. Frege and Russell's explanations of the concepts of meaning and reference have determined the course of the philosophy of language. Frege's distinction between meaning and reference set him apart from other logicians. According to Frege, meaning is a form of presentation of the reference of a name. Frege defined reference as the object to which a name refers. Russell focused on the problem of meaning and reference discussed by Frege. In this context, Russell's 1905 article “On Denoting,” considered one of the most important philosophical articles of the 20th century, added depth to this discussion. Our study aims to evaluate the direction of logical thought that emerged in Russell and the character and analytical power of Frege's logic by comparing them in a more specific context. In particular, the ideas put forward by the two thinkers on meaning and reference have been compared.
Russell, Frege, logic, definition, meaning, reference
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehmet Aydın (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Book Lambda of Aristotle’s Metaphysics is one of the most important compositions in the history of philosophy, as it contains Aristotle’s most comprehensive account of God. Despite the work’s importance in Aristotle’s corpus, as well as being a key event in Ancient Philosophy, it is nearly absent from the rich tradition of philosophical commentaries in Late Antiquity. Apart from Alexander of Aphrodisias’ systematic commentary on the Metaphysics Lambda, though modestly called a ‘paraphrase’, is in fact an influential reinterpretation of Aristotle’s text at greater length than the original, composed by him. Themistius’ paraphrase of Metaphysics Lambda is known that had a significant impact on subsequent medieval authors in the Arabic and Hebrew worlds. The translation you will read is a commentary on the first and second chapter of Book Lambda by Themistius. The Greek original commentary of Lambda was lost, and after the Arabic translation, it was transferred to Latin and Hebrew.
Aristotle, Themistius, Metaphysics, Book Lambda, substance, element, change
Copyright (c) 2025 Themistius (Author); İlyas Altuner (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
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Copyright (c) 2022 Entelekya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Information Ethics Theory in the Context of Information Philosophy: Flourishing Ethics
Like all other inventions, advances in the field of digital computational technologies, which we will briefly describe as the information world, have also played an essential role in humanity life. These advances have brought some ethical debates to our individual and social life, as well as the industrial benefit obtained by the digital and analog technological developments that positively or negatively affect and transform all economic and cultural paradigms surrounding human life. The branch of the philosophy of information, which questions the basic issues and discussions of the information age through philosophical paradigms, deals with the ontological, epistemological, and axiological problems of the information age. The subject deals with the analysis and new results of an Aristotelian information ethics theory, which is a theory first proposed to the world of thought in the field of the philosophy of information. The main reason for dealing with this subject in the thesis is to examine the scientific, technological, and philosophical bases of the information revolution.
Information ethics, philosophy of information, entropy, flourishing ethics, cybernetics and technology, artificial intelligence.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nesibe Kantar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Concept of Active Power in the Philosophy of Thomas Reid
The article focuses on the concept of active power as an ability that activates the agent, who is the implementer of common sense principles in Thomas Reid's philosophy. Reid argues that the use of active power in the process of realizing the principles of common sense in action is very important for the morality of the agent. While the correct use of active power ensures the emergence of honorable and moral actions, the wrong use of this power causes the emergence of evil and immorality. For this reason, Reid defines the concept of active power as a distinctive feature of humans, such as the ability to think. In addition, Reid argues that people are conscious of the existence of their active power. Thus, people are also aware of their own limits. By being aware of other people's active powers, they can regulate their moral relationships. After briefly summarizing Reid's philosophical method in the article, the relationship between common sense principles and active power, which are presented as two important components of action, is discussed.
Active power, action, common sense, agent, Thomas Reid.
Copyright (c) 2022 Zehra Eroğlu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Contemporary Art Criticism of Jean Baudrillard
The idea and practice of art, which started to change in the modern period, continued its metamorphosis in the post-modern period. Contemporary art, which was handled by many philosophers and thinkers, was called trans-aesthetic by Jean Baudrillard. According to Baudrillard, art has lost its meaning by penetrating every aspect of life in the post-modern age. In other words, art has become the transfer of images that mean nothing by becoming trans-aesthetic. At this stage, no object can be said to be beautiful or ugly.
Baudrillard, contemporary art, criticism, trans-aesthetics, post-modernism.
Copyright (c) 2022 Merve Nur Türksever Sezer (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
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Hilary Putnam's View on Relativism in Context of Truth and Rationality
Relativism has been discussed concerning the concepts of truth and rationality in Hilary Putnam's thoughts. Putnam suggested that truth is formed by idealizing rational acceptability. Rational acceptability is a criterion that depends on cognitive virtues and can change with human development. The relation of the sciences to the concept of conformity shows that our knowledge of the world presupposes values. Putnam considers relativism an inconsistent view in the sense that justification for truth is up to the individual. He says that at least some value judgments should be objective. He argues that some conceptual truths are not descriptions of reality but are indisputably true. Here, he thinks that we have objectivity without an object.
Putnam, relativism, truth, rationality, rational acceptability, inconsistency, objectivity, values.
Copyright (c) 2022 Gülizar Akdemir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Analysis of Philosophy Questions and Knowledge
The subject of this study is a philosophical question and an analysis of knowledge. Philosophical questions are questions that almost everyone deals with in daily life. Philosophy-making activity is a fundamental field of study that belongs to man and his essence. Those who are familiar with these questions have become philosophers. Philosophers are concept friends and have built knowledge by adhering to the use of language. Philosophical knowledge, above all, has a systematic, consistent and logical aspect. This discipline, in which questions are more important than answers, formed the basis of other fields. Philosophical thought laid the basic discipline's groundwork, such as science, religion, politics, and art. In this context, the study will include essential views on the philosophical question and the value of knowledge.
Philosophical thought, philosophical knowledge, philosophi-cal question, philosophical value, analysis.
Copyright (c) 2022 Hüseyin Subhi Erdem, Mehmet Aydın (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Philosophy of the Self in Muhammad Iqbal
Muhammad Iqbal sees each person as the “self” with an independent identity, and God as the “Absolute Self”. The human experience of the self is a constantly changing experience. This change develops around a center and eventually forms an organic unity. The independence of the self does not mean that it is closed to other selves. It is wrong to see the essence of the self as an unchanging substance or to conceive it as an unstable flow. According to Iqbal, the real personality of man is not a "thing" but an "action", a "sum of behaviors". The human being at the highest level of self-consciousness is the only being among all creatures capable of consciously participating in the creative life of the Creator.
Muhammad Iqbal, the self, Absolute Self, existence, continu-ous creation, finite, infinite.
Copyright (c) 2022 İlyas Altuner (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship between Faith, Reason, and Will in Augustine
Faith has a great place in the epistemology of Augustine, who adopted the phrase “you will not understand unless you believe (nisi credideritis, non intellegetis).” This situation has led to the comments by the philosophers that reason is insufficient or has no importance in Augustine, but according to Augustine, reaching the truth is only possible with the working of reason and belief together, and it cannot happen without any of them. The rational part of the soul (animus), which is at the top of it, is like a door to God, but faith is essential for this to be possible. According to Augustine, the reason why faith is necessary for the realization of divine illumination, which is the only way to reach the truth, is that the will, polluted by original sin, hinders the mind, and that which will enable the mind to grasp all mysteries is the purification of the will by faith. In this study, why Augustine used faith together with reason will be examined in terms of the relationship between divine illumination and the will.
Copyright (c) 2022 Özden Özkaya Demirhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
George Edward Moore on the Indefinability of Good
“Good” is the central concept in George Edward Moore’s value theory. Moore, who has an influential work on the indefinability of “good” in moral philosophy, published a book in 1903 titled Principia Ethica, affirming that the most fundamental question in all Ethics is how “good” is to be defined. For Moore, it is essential to determine the appropriate subject of ethics in a precise sense as the concept of “good”. In Principia Ethica, Moore argues that people make mistakes when defining the “good”. According to Moore’s philosophy, “good” makes value prediction possible because it is a non-natural and unique concept. Despite the many theoretical debates among philosophers about the definability of the term good, this article critically examines the “open question argument” and the “naturalistic fallacy” that Moore's rational analysis leads to the conclusion that “good is indefinable”.
orge Edward Moore, ethics, good, indefinability, naturalistic fallacy.
Copyright (c) 2022 Nazan Yeşilkaya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
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Florence and Baghdad: Renaissance Art and Arab Science by H. Belting
Hans Belting, Florence and Baghdad: Renaissance Art and Arab Science, trans. Deborah Lucas Schneider (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 303 pp.
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